Will America's Bison Survive the Trump Administration?

Yellowstone National Park’s bison are more than just iconic wildlife—they are living symbols of American conservation and cultural resilience. Yet, their management has long been a flashpoint between ecological integrity, Indigenous rights, livestock interests, and shifting federal policies. As the Trump administration intensifies environmental rollbacks, the fate of Yellowstone’s bison—and the broader health of U.S. public lands—hangs in the balance.

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A Brief History: From Near Extinction to Recovery

Before European settlement, an estimated 30 to 60 million bison roamed North America, from the Appalachian Mountains in the east to the Pacific Northwest, and from northern Canada down to the north of Mexico. They dominated the Great Plains and much of the interior grasslands, playing a crucial ecological role in shaping the landscape. Their immense range and numbers made them one of the most successful large mammals on Earth.

For many Native American nations, bison were—and remain—far more than just a source of food or materials. Bison are sacred beings, central to cultural identity, spirituality, and the survival of their species. Countless tribes honor the bison in their oral histories, ceremonies, and creation stories. The bison symbolizes strength, unity, abundance, and the deep relationship between humans and the natural world.

However, the arrival of European Americans triggered catastrophic changes. In the 19th century, bison were slaughtered by the millions, both for commercial purposes (hides, meat, and bones) and as a deliberate tool of war to subjugate Native nations who depended on them. By the late 1800s, fewer than 1,000 bison remained across North America, and Yellowstone’s remnant population of just 23 animals became one of the last refuges for the species.

The U.S. government's relationship with bison has historically been schizophrenic. On one hand, it orchestrated the near extermination of bison to undercut Indigenous resistance and clear land for settlement and railroads. On the other hand, as the extinction crisis became undeniable, it led to early conservation efforts to save species, which often excluded or disregarded the voices of Native people.

In 1902, recognizing the urgent need for action, Yellowstone National Park supplemented its tiny surviving herd with 21 bison relocated from private ranches. These bison were initially managed at the Lamar Buffalo Ranch before being allowed to reestablish a wild, free-ranging population. By 1954, the herd had grown to about 1,300 animals.

In the 1960s, the National Park Service adopted a policy of "natural regulation," allowing wildlife populations, including bison, to fluctuate naturally without artificial intervention in their population control. This marked a major philosophical shift, acknowledging the bison’s rightful place as a wild animal, not simply a managed commodity.

Today, Yellowstone’s bison represent the last continuously free-ranging, genetically pure herd in the contiguous United States—a living testament to both America’s environmental failures and its capacity for ecological redemption.

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The Modern Management Landscape

Today, Yellowstone’s bison population is managed under the Interagency Bison Management Plan (IBMP), established in 2000. This collaborative effort involves federal, state, and tribal entities working together to address the complex issues surrounding bison conservation, including disease management and migration outside park boundaries.

A central concern is brucellosis, a disease that can be transmitted from bison to cattle. However, despite decades of fear, there have been no confirmed cases of wild bison directly transmitting brucellosis to livestock. Most known transmissions involve elk, not bison.

Yet bison, not elk, are subjected to aggressive culling, hazing, and slaughter when they migrate beyond park boundaries. This selective treatment reflects the outsized influence of the livestock industry in shaping wildlife management policies. Ranching groups, fearful of potential restrictions on grazing rights and disease exposure, have consistently pressured state and federal agencies to limit bison numbers. In contrast, elk, who also carry and transmit brucellosis and routinely mingle with cattle, are largely left alone because they are a prized game species for hunters, another politically influential group in Montana and neighboring states.

This double standard highlights how economic and political pressures, not purely science or public safety, often drive bison management decisions.

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Potential Solutions: Pros and Cons

1. Culling and Hunting

• Pros: Helps maintain bison populations at levels deemed manageable by state and federal agencies; addresses ranchers' concerns about disease transmission.

• Cons: Raises ethical and ecological concerns; disrupts natural behaviors and social structures within bison herds; undermines cultural values of Indigenous communities.

2. Bison Conservation Transfer Program

• Pros: Allows for the relocation of brucellosis-free bison to tribal lands, supporting cultural restoration and reducing the need for culling.

• Cons: Requires extensive testing and quarantine procedures; faces logistical and political challenges in implementation.

3. Expanding Habitat and Migration Corridors

• Pros: Supports natural bison behaviors and ecological roles; reduces conflicts by providing more space for bison to roam.

• Cons: May face opposition from landowners and ranchers; requires significant policy changes and land-use planning.

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The Trump Administration’s Impact on Wildlife Management

The Trump administration implemented policies widely seen as detrimental to wildlife and public lands. These included:

• Reducing Protected Lands: Shrinking national monuments to allow for more mining, drilling, and development.

• Weakening the Endangered Species Act: Redefining "harm" to exclude habitat destruction, undercutting protections for threatened species.

• Cutting Scientific Funding: Slashing support for research vital to managing wildlife health and ecosystem resilience.

These rollbacks emboldened industries already hostile to conservation efforts, including ranching groups seeking fewer restrictions on public lands.

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What You Can Do: Standing Up for National Parks and Wildlife

The good news? Bison have survived threats before, and they can again. But only if we step up.

Stay informed – Policies can change overnight, but awareness is the first step in fighting back.

Make your voice heard – Contact your representatives, support conservation groups, and demand accountability.

Make your voice heard, part 2: Write your local papers expressing your support for national parks, public lands, and opposition to Trump's policies.

Spread the word: Post your support for parks on social media, and encourage your friends and colleagues to get involved.

Amplify your impact: Join and support non-profits defending our public domain.

Visit and support our parks – Show the world that these places matter as protected landscapes and as vital pieces of our national heritage.

Conclusion

The management of Yellowstone’s bison reflects broader tensions in American conservation between ecological integrity, cultural heritage, economic power, and political influence. As policies shift and challenges mount, the role of public engagement becomes increasingly vital.

By staying informed and active, individuals can help protect these iconic animals—and the public lands they call home—for future generations.

Ultimately, how we choose to sustain the last remaining free-ranging herd of wild bison is about more than just wildlife management—it's a reflection of our values as a people.

Making space for bison to live and roam freely honors the natural world, acknowledges past injustices against Indigenous communities, and reaffirms a commitment to stewardship over exploitation.

In standing up for Yellowstone’s bison, we affirm that conservation, compassion, and coexistence are not relics of the past, but guiding principles for our future.

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Meet Sean Smith, a master of conservation, adventure, and storytelling! This award-winning
conservationist and former National Park Ranger has trekked through the wilderness of Yellowstone, Glacier, and the North Cascades, keeping nature safe with his trusty ranger hat and boots. But Sean's talents don't stop there. He's a TEDx speaker and even a private pilot.

But amidst all these adventures, Sean's heart beats for storytelling. He's been spinning tales since childhood, and now he writes thrilling national park novels that'll have you hooked from the first page. Imagine the drama and mystery of the mountains combined with the adrenaline of a rollercoaster ride. That's what you'll find in Sean's books, set against the majestic backdrop of Yellowstone, Gettysburg, and Mount Rainier. His most recent thriller is in Glacier and will drop later this year.

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